Who was born in 1889

Portuguese statesman, economist, and academic who served as Prime Minister from 1932 to 1968, establishing the Estado Novo regime, one of modern Europe's longest-lived authoritarian dictatorships

Austrian philosopher and logician known for his work in logic, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of language

Swiss chemist and biochemist who shared the 1937 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins A and B2

Austrian-born German politician, dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945, main instigator of World War II, and central figure in the perpetration of the Holocaust

English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who created the iconic screen persona of the Tramp, becoming a worldwide legend of the silent film era and one of cinema's most important figures

English historian and philosopher who studied civilizations and served as Director of Studies at Chatham House, producing 34 volumes on international affairs

Chilean poet, diplomat, and educator who became the first Latin American author to receive a Nobel Prize in Literature for her powerful lyric poetry

A visionary French writer, filmmaker, poet, and designer, Jean Cocteau was a leading avant-garde artist of the 20th century, renowned for his diverse contributions across film, literature, and visual arts

German philosopher who fundamentally shaped phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism, influencing theology and humanities

German journalist, author, and pacifist who received the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize for exposing clandestine German rearmament

English electrophysiologist and Nobel laureate whose research clarified the function of neurons and provided evidence for the all-or-none law of nerves

Indian anti-colonial nationalist, statesman, and first Prime Minister of India, who promoted democracy, secularism, and non-alignment on the global stage

French philosopher, playwright, music critic, and leading Christian existentialist known for his "philosophy of existence" and critique of technologically dehumanizing society