生平

German jurist, political theorist, and professor of law noted for his criticisms of parliamentary democracy and liberalism

President of Finland and pioneering Social Democrat who served as head of state for twelve years

King of Sweden who oversaw significant constitutional changes, and a respected anthropologist, art historian, collector, and classical archaeologist

French king who centralized royal power and fought against robber barons from 1108 to 1137

British statesman and naval officer who served as Supreme Allied Commander, South East Asia Command, and oversaw India's independence as its last Viceroy and first Governor-General

Bosnian-Swiss Nobel laureate in Chemistry known for his pioneering research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions

German novelist and essayist who became one of the most important voices from the former East Germany

South Korean filmmaker renowned for idiosyncratic art-house cinema and international festival acclaim

Austrian novelist and journalist best known for his family saga Radetzky March and his novel of Jewish life Job

The only author to win the Prix Goncourt twice, Romain Gary was a French novelist, diplomat, film director, and military aviator, also known by his pen name Émile Ajar

French artist, engraver, and satirist renowned for his incisive social and political caricatures and profound depictions of everyday life in 19th-century France

Swiss Nobel laureate and pioneering surgeon known for his revolutionary work on the thyroid gland and the introduction of aseptic surgical techniques

German jurist and politician who served as Imperial Chancellor from 1909 to 1917, overseeing Germany's entry into World War I and playing a key role in its initial years

French priest and statesman who was a leading political theorist of the French Revolution and held offices in the French Consulate and First French Empire

Mozambican politician and revolutionary who served as the first President of Mozambique from 1975 until his death in a plane crash in 1986

Croatian-Swiss Nobel laureate in Chemistry known for his work on polymethylenes, higher terpenes, and the first chemical synthesis of male sex hormones

French nun known for experiencing apparitions of the 'Immaculate Conception' in Lourdes, which led to the building of a chapel at the famous cave-grotto

Peruvian poet and writer, hailed as one of the greatest poetic innovators of the 20th century, whose work continues to resonate globally

Amos Oz, Israeli writer, novelist, journalist, and intellectual who championed a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

German philosopher and sociologist known for developing critical theory and his leadership of the Institute for Social Research, associated with the Frankfurt School.

Soviet and Russian cellist and conductor who inspired and premiered over 100 new works, greatly expanding the cello repertoire

Scottish social anthropologist and folklorist known for his influential work on mythology and comparative religion, particularly "The Golden Bough"

French humanist photographer considered a master of candid photography and pioneer of street photography, known for his concept of 'the decisive moment'

Belgian comics writer and artist, creator of the iconic 'The Adventures of Tintin' series and pioneer of the 'ligne claire' drawing style