Who was born in 1819

Victorian polymath who revolutionized art criticism and architectural theory while advancing social reform through influential writings on culture and society

American poet, essayist, and journalist known as the father of free verse, who profoundly influenced American and world literature with works such as Leaves of Grass

Queen of the United Kingdom who reigned for 63 years, overseeing the Victorian era of industrial and imperial expansion, and becoming Empress of India

German-born French composer, cellist, and impresario known for his influential operettas and the opera The Tales of Hoffmann

French painter who led the Realism movement and influenced Impressionists and Cubists

Swiss poet, writer, novelist, and chancery manager known for his literary realism in works like <i>Green Henry</i> and <i>Seldwyla Folks</i>

Irish mathematician and physicist who held the Lucasian Professorship at Cambridge for 54 years, becoming the longest-serving in its history

French physicist, astronomer, and photographer who accurately measured the speed of light and conducted the Fizeau experiment

French physicist and astronomer who invented the Foucault pendulum, measured the speed of light, discovered eddy currents, and named the gyroscope