Who was born in 1809

American writer, poet, and literary critic known for pioneering detective and science fiction, master of mystery and the macabre, and a central figure of American Romanticism and Gothic fiction.

French philosopher, politician, and economist widely regarded as the "father of anarchism" and founder of mutualist philosophy

French inventor, organist, and educator who, blinded at a young age, developed the enduring system of braille for reading and writing

English naturalist whose theory of evolution by natural selection explained the diversity of life

American lawyer, politician, and 16th President of the United States who led the nation through the Civil War and played a major role in the abolition of slavery

French official, architect, and urban planner who supervised the radical urban renewal of Paris, introducing grand boulevards and parks

American poet and physician renowned for his humorous prose and impactful medical reforms, including saving the USS Constitution with a poem

American lawyer and politician who served as the 15th Vice President of the United States under President Abraham Lincoln

Polish Romantic poet, playwright, and philosopher, recognized as one of the "Three Bards" and the father of modern Polish drama

British Liberal prime minister, writer, politician, diplomat, and statistician who served four non-consecutive terms as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom