Who was born in 1803

American philosopher, essayist, and poet who led the Transcendentalist movement, championing individualism and critical thinking

British statesman, novelist, and poet known for his political service and prolific literary output across multiple genres

German chemist, principal founder of organic chemistry, and father of the fertilizer industry who revolutionized laboratory teaching methods and developed beef extracts

French writer, archaeologist, and historian known for his novella Carmen and significant contributions to architectural preservation

French Romantic composer and conductor renowned for his innovative orchestral works and dramatic operas