Born and died in 1781

Scottish astronomer, mathematician, physicist, and inventor known for his work in physical optics, including the discovery of Brewster's angle and the invention of the kaleidoscope

French mathematician, mechanician, and physicist who advanced statistics, analytical mechanics, and predicted the Arago spot

French physician and musician who invented the stethoscope, revolutionizing medical diagnosis

French economist and statesman who was an early advocate for economic liberalism and postulated the law of diminishing marginal returns in agriculture