Pioneering 19th-century Russian mathematician, writer, and physicist who was the first woman to earn a doctorate in mathematics and a full professorship in Europe

French post-Impressionist painter who developed the revolutionary techniques of chromoluminarism and pointillism

First prime minister of Canada and dominant figure of Canadian Confederation, serving from 1867 to 1873 and 1878 to 1891

French poet known for his transgressive and surreal themes who influenced modern literature and prefigured surrealism, also a world traveler and arms trader

Second and final Emperor of Brazil, known as 'the Magnanimous,' who reigned from 1831 to 1889, overseeing the longest and most stable period in Brazilian history