British Army Field Marshal and writer, known for his leadership in the First and Second World Wars, including the Irish War of Independence, and his distinguished military career.

Italian director, screenwriter, and theatre innovator, known for pioneering neorealism and later creating grand cinematic epics exploring European history and societal decay

German-born artist who pioneered Dada and Surrealism, inventing innovative techniques like frottage and grattage that revolutionized modern art

French biologist, biochemist, and Nobel laureate known for his discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis, and his work on the operon model

German philosopher who fundamentally shaped phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism, influencing theology and humanities

Finnish architect, urban planner, and designer celebrated for pioneering Nordic Classicism, International Style Modernism, and organic modernism across architecture, furniture, and various design forms

German journalist, sociologist, writer, and founding member of the Red Army Faction

German politician, lawyer, and theologian who served as President of West Germany from 1969 to 1974, following terms as Minister of the Interior and Minister of Justice

Swedish writer and Nobel laureate known for his groundbreaking novels and narrative art in the service of freedom

Brazilian president who built Brasília and implemented the ambitious "50 years in 5" development plan from 1956-1961

Austrian filmmaker dubbed the 'Master of Darkness' by the British Film Institute, known for his influential work in German Expressionism and his impactful career in both Germany and the United States

Croatian-Swiss Nobel laureate in Chemistry known for his work on polymethylenes, higher terpenes, and the first chemical synthesis of male sex hormones

Chinese revolutionary, politician, writer, and the founder of the People's Republic of China, who also served as the first Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party

Norwegian American physical chemist and theoretical physicist, Nobel laureate for his reciprocal relations in irreversible thermodynamics

French novelist, art theorist, and statesman who won the Prix Goncourt for La Condition Humaine and served as France's first cultural affairs minister under Charles de Gaulle

American-born visual artist who pioneered photographic techniques and contributed to Dada and Surrealist movements in Paris

Iconic French actor and singer, a key figure in French cinema known for classic films like Pépé le Moko and La grande illusion, and a recipient of the Légion d'honneur

English composer, conductor, and pianist known for Peter Grimes, War Requiem, and The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra, a central figure of 20th-century British music