The 121st Emperor of Japan (1846–1867) who reigned during the final tumultuous years of the Edo period, navigating the nation through increasing foreign pressures

French Neoclassical painter whose portraits and expressive forms influenced modern artists like Matisse and Picasso

French poet, essayist, and critic known for his masterful command of rhythm and rhyme, whose works explored real-life observations and an exoticism inherited from the Romantics

German linguist known for his pioneering comparative work on Indo-European languages