Who was born in 1857

British lieutenant-general, writer, and the visionary founder of the global Scout and Girl Guide Movements

English mathematician, biometrician, and eugenicist credited with establishing the discipline of mathematical statistics and founding the first university statistics department

French statesman who served as President of France and was known as 'the Father of French Indochina'

Austrian Nobel laureate and psychiatrist recognized for malariotherapy in treating dementia paralytica

Head of the Catholic Church from 1922 to 1939 and the first sovereign of Vatican City

British doctor and Nobel laureate who discovered the mosquito transmission of malaria, fundamentally changing the fight against the disease

English composer and conductor known for his significant contributions to classical music, including the iconic Enigma Variations and Pomp and Circumstance Marches

American economist and sociologist known for his critique of capitalism and the concept of conspicuous consumption

German Marxist theorist, communist activist, and tireless advocate for women's rights

Swedish physician and psychiatrist best known for his autobiographical book, The Story of San Michele

King of Spain known as El Pacificador who reigned from 1874 until his death in 1885, stabilizing the Spanish monarchy

English neurophysiologist who coined 'synapse' and won the Nobel Prize for his discoveries on neuron functions

Swiss linguist and philosopher whose foundational ideas shaped 20th-century linguistics and semiotics

Polish-British novelist and master prose stylist who enriched English literature with his unique global perspective and psychological depth