Born and died in 1850

Scottish novelist, poet, and essayist known for classic adventure stories and psychological thrillers, including *Treasure Island* and *Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde*

French physiologist, immunologist, and parapsychologist who won the 1913 Nobel Prize for his discovery of anaphylaxis and coined the term 'ectoplasm'

French author and master of the short story, known for his naturalist depictions of human lives and society

Argentine lawyer, politician, and author who served as President of the Republic and championed the Sáenz Peña Law, leading to Argentina's first democratically elected presidency

Bulgarian writer and poet, known as "the Patriarch of Bulgarian literature," whose works chronicled the Bulgarian Renaissance and Post-Liberation epochs, and who also served as Education Minister

The first President of Czechoslovakia and its revered founding father, also known as a sociologist, philosopher, and statesman

Pioneering 19th-century Russian mathematician, writer, and physicist who was the first woman to earn a doctorate in mathematics and a full professorship in Europe

French naval officer and novelist known for his exotic novels and travel writing, who created richly detailed literary portraits of distant lands and cultures

Teorico liberale classico francese, economista politico e membro dell'assemblea francese, noto per i suoi scritti sui mercati liberi e il governo limitato

American lawyer, military officer, and politician who served as the ninth vice president of the United States, known for his military service and pioneering an interracial family

King of the French from 1830 to 1848, known as "the Citizen King," who abdicated during the French Revolution of 1848 leading to the Second Republic

French novelist and playwright known for La Comédie humaine, a panoramic depiction of post-Napoleonic French society

Argentine general, politician, and soldier known as "the Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru" for his leadership in gaining South American independence from the Spanish Empire

American writer and women's rights advocate who became the first female war correspondent and authored the foundational feminist text <i>Woman in the Nineteenth Century</i>

12th president of the United States and a major general known for his Mexican–American War victories

French chemist and physicist renowned for his gas laws, the discovery of water's composition, and the degrees Gay-Lussac for measuring alcoholic strength

English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the Romantic Age in English literature

French artist known for her wax sculptures and for founding the Madame Tussauds wax museum in London, capturing historical figures and the drama of her times

American statesman and political theorist known for his service as Vice President and his advocacy for states' rights and slavery