Netherlands

Italian physician and educator who developed the globally recognized Montessori Method of education and scientific pedagogy

Pioneering German entomologist, naturalist, and scientific illustrator who documented insect life cycles directly and produced acclaimed botanical and zoological artworks

French philosopher and writer, renowned for his Historical and Critical Dictionary, and a pivotal forerunner of the Encyclopédistes

Czech-Austrian Marxist theorist, economist, philosopher, and journalist, widely known as the 'Pope of Marxism' for his authoritative promulgation of orthodox Marxism and his influence on the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the Second International.