Leben

German painter, draftsman, printmaker, sculptor, and writer associated with New Objectivity, known for his powerful and often unsettling imagery

Turkish politician, engineer, and university teacher who served as the 23rd Prime Minister of Turkey from 1996 to 1997, known for his political theories and leadership

Estonian politician and agricultural scientist who served as the third President of Estonia after the restoration of independence

French composer of the Romantic era best known for his more than thirty operas, including Manon and Werther

Israeli politician, Prime Minister, and a founder of the Israeli Labor Party who led the nation through significant periods

Indian diplomat and statesman who served as the tenth President of India from 1997 to 2002 and Vice President from 1992 to 1997

French philosopher, playwright, music critic, and leading Christian existentialist known for his "philosophy of existence" and critique of technologically dehumanizing society

French jurist and political philosopher known for his theory of sovereignty, advocating for strong monarchical rule to unify a nation amidst religious strife

Pakistan's first Prime Minister who consolidated the new nation from 1947 until his assassination in 1951

French politician who served as the 86th Prime Minister of France from 1981 to 1984 and Mayor of Lille from 1973 to 2001

King of Spain from 1746 to 1759, known as 'the Learned' and 'the Just', and the third ruler of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty

Longest-serving Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs and Vice Chancellor of Germany, a key figure in German and European politics

Award-winning British and American actress, known for her extensive stage, film, and television career, achieving the Triple Crown of Acting

Ukrainian-Brazilian writer, poet, and journalist known for her innovative and introspective works that explored intimacy and diverse narrative forms

French astronomer, prolific author of popular science and early science fiction, and founder of L'Astronomie magazine

Jewish-Polish biochemist who formulated the concept of vitamins, fundamentally altering understanding of nutrition and disease

British-American actor, comedian, and screenwriter, best known as half of the legendary comedy duo Laurel and Hardy

German-American evolutionary biologist, taxonomist, and tropical explorer who helped formulate the modern evolutionary synthesis and the biological species concept

Austrian politician and jurist known as the 'Father of the Republics' for leading the first government of the Republic of German-Austria, the First Austrian Republic, and becoming the first President of the Second Republic after World War II

Japanese industrialist and entrepreneur who founded Panasonic, the largest Japanese consumer electronics company, earning the title 'God of Management' in Japan

French statesman and cunning Minister of Police who navigated the French Revolution and Napoleonic eras with unparalleled strategic skill

Kenyan politician who served as the second president of Kenya for 24 years, making him the country's longest-serving president

South African and American physicist who, despite not holding a scientific doctorate, won the 1979 Nobel Prize for his foundational work on X-ray computed tomography (CT)

English physical chemist and Nobel laureate recognized for his groundbreaking researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions and expertise in chemical kinetics