Born and died in 1778

French chemist and physicist renowned for his gas laws, the discovery of water's composition, and the degrees Gay-Lussac for measuring alcoholic strength

King of Sweden from 1792-1809, who was deposed in a coup and was the last Swedish monarch to rule Finland

King of Holland (1806-1810), younger brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, and a prolific writer and historian

Chilean independence leader and military officer who served as the second Supreme Director of Chile, considered one of the nation's founding fathers

Argentine general, politician, and soldier known as "the Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru" for his leadership in gaining South American independence from the Spanish Empire

Swiss botanist known for documenting hundreds of plant families and creating a new natural plant classification system

Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer whose political philosophy influenced the Age of Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and modern political, economic, and educational thought

French Enlightenment writer, philosopher, and historian, renowned for advocating freedom of speech, religion, and separation of church and state

عالم نبات وطبيب سويدي أرسى التسمية الثنائية ويُعرف بـ "أبو التصنيف الحديث"