من وُلد في 1822

German businessman and archaeologist known for excavating the presumed site of Troy and other Mycenaean sites, advocating for the historicity of Homer's Iliad

German mathematical physicist and professor who helped found thermodynamics, introduced entropy, and formulated the second law of thermodynamics

African-American abolitionist, social activist, Union Army spy, and suffragist who rescued enslaved people via the Underground Railroad

American military leader and 18th President of the United States who guided the Union Army to victory in the Civil War

French economist, statesman, and pacifist who won the Nobel Peace Prize for his lifelong work in international peace and diplomacy

Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar who established the fundamental laws of heredity through his pea plant experiments, recognized posthumously as the founder of modern genetics

19th president of the United States, Civil War major general, lawyer, and Ohio governor

كيميائي وعالم أحياء دقيقة فرنسي، اشتهر باكتشافات مبادئ التلقيح والتخمر الميكروبي والبسترة

Belgian-French Romantic composer, celebrated organist, and influential music teacher known for works like the Symphony in D Minor and Sonata in A major