生平

German bacteriologist and pathologist who received the Nobel Prize for discovering prontosil's antibacterial effects

French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher known for her pioneering work in elasticity theory and contributions to Fermat's Last Theorem

South African activist and politician known as the 'Mother of the Nation' for her anti-apartheid struggle and parliamentary service

French historian who led the influential Annales School and revolutionized historical methodology through his studies of Mediterranean civilization and capitalism

Italian journalist, resistance leader, and politician who served as President of Italy from 1978 to 1985

Spanish Dominican friar, historian, and social reformer, known as the first "Protector of the Indians" and for documenting colonial atrocities against Indigenous peoples

Olympic gold medalist swimmer and water polo player who became a celebrated American actor

German politician who served as President of West Germany and led the Free Democratic Party (FDP)

Finnish middle and long distance runner who set 22 world records and won nine Olympic gold medals

German-American anthropologist and ethnomusicologist, known as the "Father of American Anthropology," who introduced historical particularism and cultural relativism

Canadian physicist and inventor who shared the 2009 Nobel Prize for co-inventing the charge-coupled device (CCD)

German virologist who discovered the link between human papilloma viruses and cervical cancer, earning him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2008

Italian chemical engineer and Nobel laureate known for developing the Ziegler–Natta catalyst and revolutionizing polymer science

French novelist, dramatist, poet, philosopher, and duelist known for his imaginative works and contributions to early science fiction

Elder brother of Napoleon Bonaparte; King of Naples (1806–08) and Spain (1808–13); French statesman, lawyer, diplomat who emigrated to the United States

French artist, painter, and sculptor known for founding the art brut movement and challenging traditional aesthetics

French judge, writer, and philosopher known for his friendship with Montaigne and his influential work Discourse on Voluntary Servitude, which explored themes of anti-statism and civil disobedience

Italian professional footballer and politician who led Italy to the 1982 FIFA World Cup title, winning the Golden Boot, Golden Ball, and Ballon d'Or

Iraqi politician who served as the 6th president of Iraq and president of the Governing Council

Swiss lawyer and politician who won the 1902 Nobel Peace Prize for his practical leadership of international peace organizations

French chemist who won the 1912 Nobel Prize for developing catalytic hydrogenation methods that transformed organic chemistry

Mexican chemical engineer and Nobel laureate who co-discovered the danger of CFCs to the ozone layer and the Antarctic ozone hole

Japanese author and court lady who penned <i>The Pillow Book</i>, offering a unique window into the Heian period

16th Prime Minister of Turkey, statesman, writer, poet, diplomat, translator, and journalist