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American astronomer whose discovery of Cepheid variable stars as 'standard candles' allowed humanity to measure the vast distances in the universe

Austrian Jewish pacifist, journalist, and Esperantist who co-founded the German peace movement and won the 1911 Nobel Peace Prize for his work against international anarchy

Founder of the Austrian School of economics and a significant contributor to the marginal theory of value

German jurist and politician who served as Imperial Chancellor from 1909 to 1917, overseeing Germany's entry into World War I and playing a key role in its initial years

Bulgarian writer and poet, known as "the Patriarch of Bulgarian literature," whose works chronicled the Bulgarian Renaissance and Post-Liberation epochs, and who also served as Education Minister

French Romantic composer known for the Organ Symphony, Carnival of the Animals, and opera Samson and Delilah

Luxembourgish physicist and inventor, recognized with the Nobel Prize for his method of color photography based on interference