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French mathematician and politician known for pioneering measure theory and probability, who also served in the French Resistance

American novelist, short story writer, poet, and journalist known for his innovative realism and naturalism in works like "The Red Badge of Courage" and "The Open Boat"

American politician and diplomat who served as the longest-tenured U.S. Secretary of State and a key architect of the United Nations

American novelist and journalist of the naturalist school, celebrated for works like Sister Carrie and An American Tragedy, exploring characters and situations resembling studies of nature

15th President of the French Republic and the last president of the Third Republic, also known for his work as an engineer and entomologist

French chemist and Nobel laureate who discovered the Grignard reagent, revolutionizing the synthesis of organic compounds

German politician who served as the first president of Germany, guiding the nation through the turbulent aftermath of World War I.

German writer known for his sociopolitical novels and fierce criticism of Nazism

French poet, essayist, and philosopher known for his poetry, fiction, and aphorisms on art, history, letters, music, and current events

New Zealand physicist and chemist known as "the father of nuclear physics" and recipient of the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on elemental disintegration and radioactivity

New Zealand physicist and chemist who was a pioneering researcher in atomic and nuclear physics, known as "the father of nuclear physics" and a Nobel Prize laureate

French novelist, critic, and essayist best known for his seven-volume novel À la recherche du temps perdu, widely considered one of the twentieth century's most influential literary works

Polish-German Marxist theorist and revolutionary who co-founded the Spartacus League and championed socialist democracy, known for her influential writings on imperialism and revolution