Życiorysy

American composer and songwriter known for his witty, urbane lyrics and hit songs like "Night and Day" and "I've Got You Under My Skin"

American writer, anthropologist, and folklorist who captured the rich oral traditions and experiences of African American culture

German philosopher and logician, major member of the Vienna Circle, and advocate of logical positivism who significantly influenced 20th-century analytic philosophy

American biochemist and Nobel laureate who shared the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the isolation, crystallization, and study of enzymes, proteins, and viruses

American novelist, artist, and essayist known for breaking literary forms with his semi-autobiographical and often controversial works like Tropic of Cancer

Italian Marxist philosopher, journalist, and politician who co-founded the Italian Communist Party and developed theories on cultural hegemony while imprisoned by fascists

Russian author, playwright, and satirist known for the posthumously published novel The Master and Margarita

British actor known for his distinctive voice, starring in classic Hollywood films like *Lost Horizon* and winning an Academy Award for *A Double Life*

German Generalfeldmarschall known for his aggressive early command and later mastery of defensive warfare during World War II

Italian politician and statesman who served as the 4th President of Italy and twice as its Prime Minister

German painter and printmaker noted for his starkly realistic portrayals of Weimar society and the brutality of war, a leading figure of Neue Sachlichkeit

German-born artist who pioneered Dada and Surrealism, inventing innovative techniques like frottage and grattage that revolutionized modern art

Jewish-German Catholic nun, theologian, and philosopher, canonized as a saint and patron of Europe, murdered at Auschwitz

Canadian medical scientist and doctor who co-discovered insulin and its therapeutic potential, earning him a Nobel Prize

German experimental physicist who developed the coincidence method, earning him a shared Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954

German admiral and politician who served as Supreme Commander of the Navy during World War II and briefly as head of state of Nazi Germany in 1945

Swedish writer and Nobel laureate known for his profound exploration of eternal human questions through poetry and prose

English physicist who discovered the neutron in 1932, received the Nobel Prize, and led the British team on the Manhattan Project

Jewish German poet and playwright who received the 1966 Nobel Prize in Literature for her lyrical and dramatic interpretations of Israel's destiny

Architect of the Indian Constitution, social reformer, and an ardent champion of civil rights and equality