Born and died in 1889

French philosopher, playwright, music critic, and leading Christian existentialist known for his "philosophy of existence" and critique of technologically dehumanizing society

English electrophysiologist and Nobel laureate whose research clarified the function of neurons and provided evidence for the all-or-none law of nerves

American astronomer who established extragalactic astronomy by proving galaxies existed beyond the Milky Way and used Cepheid variables to measure cosmic distances

Last King of Portugal, reigning from 1908 until 1910, known sometimes as the Unfortunate or the Patriot

Influential Egyptian writer, literary critic, and intellectual, known as "The Dean of Arabic Literature," who was a leading figure of the Arab Renaissance and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature twenty-one times

Indian anti-colonial nationalist, statesman, and first Prime Minister of India, who promoted democracy, secularism, and non-alignment on the global stage

British Olympic medalist, politician, Cabinet minister, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate known for his tireless campaign for disarmament

German journalist, author, and pacifist who received the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize for exposing clandestine German rearmament

German philosopher who fundamentally shaped phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism, influencing theology and humanities

A visionary French writer, filmmaker, poet, and designer, Jean Cocteau was a leading avant-garde artist of the 20th century, renowned for his diverse contributions across film, literature, and visual arts

American aviation pioneer from the Russian Empire who designed the world's first successful four-engine aircraft and four-engine bomber, also excelling in helicopter design

Portuguese statesman, economist, and academic who served as Prime Minister from 1932 to 1968, establishing the Estado Novo regime, one of modern Europe's longest-lived authoritarian dictatorships

English poet and playwright renowned for his dramatic monologues, characterization, and challenging vocabulary

American politician, military officer, and writer who served as the only President of the Confederate States during the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865