Born and died in 1804

French literary critic, writer, poet, and historian who shaped 19th-century literary discourse and developed biographical criticism

King of Siam from 1851 to 1868, formally adopting the title "King of Siam" in diplomatic contexts

Prolific French novelist, memoirist, and journalist of the European Romantic era, known for her more than 70 novels and activism

German philosopher and central thinker of the Enlightenment whose systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, and aesthetics significantly influenced modern Western philosophy

English polymath and Unitarian minister known for his groundbreaking experiments with gases, particularly the discovery of oxygen, and his prolific writings in chemistry, theology, and political theory