Leben

French musician, conductor, and teacher who mentored many of the 20th century's leading composers and was the first woman to conduct major orchestras

American biochemist who discovered that enzymes could be crystallized and proved they were proteins, earning him a Nobel Prize

American anthropologist and folklorologist known for her influential work on human cultures and traditions

Swiss writer, poet, and French foreign legionnaire whose work greatly influenced the European modernist movement

German nobleman, jurist, and economist who served as Minister of Finance from 1932 to 1945 and briefly as de facto Chancellor in 1945

German physicist and university teacher who shared the 1925 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom

Hungarian-American mathematician known for his contributions to combinatorics, number theory, numerical analysis, probability theory, and his influential work in heuristics and mathematics education

Brazilian composer, conductor, and multi-instrumentalist known for integrating Brazilian folk music with classical forms, creating over 2,000 works that made him a globally recognized South American composer

British evolutionary biologist, philosopher, and author known for his work on the modern synthesis and as the first Director-General of UNESCO

Italian politician and 3rd President of Italy, renowned for his efforts to bring about an 'opening to the left' and his influential role during Italy's post-war era and decolonization

German admiral and intelligence chief who transitioned from a supporter of Hitler to a resistance fighter during World War II

Italian saint, priest, stigmatist, and mystic venerated in the Catholic Church whose feast day is celebrated on 23 September

Iconic British actor known for his memorable roles as Frankenstein's monster and his distinct voice work as the Grinch

Spanish Cubist painter, illustrator, and sculptor whose distinctive works are central to the Cubist movement

Argentine physiologist and Nobel laureate who discovered the role of pituitary hormones in regulating glucose metabolism

Croatian-Swiss Nobel laureate in Chemistry known for his work on polymethylenes, higher terpenes, and the first chemical synthesis of male sex hormones

Polish-American classical pianist celebrated for his interpretations of Chopin and a vast repertoire spanning eight decades of public performance

Last monarch of Austria-Hungary and the final ruler of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, who reigned during the closing years of World War I

British Army Field Marshal and writer, known for his leadership in the First and Second World Wars, including the Irish War of Independence, and his distinguished military career.

French American artist, inventor, and chess player who significantly influenced the avant-garde movement, known for his revolutionary readymades and diverse artistic pursuits

French poet and diplomat awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize in Literature for his visionary and evocative poetry

Nobel laureate in Literature and central figure of modern Hebrew literature, known for his profoundly characteristic narrative art depicting Jewish life

Belarusian-French artist known for his modernist paintings, stained glass, and illustrations, often reflecting his Jewish heritage and a wide range of artistic styles

Chinese politician and military leader who led the Republic of China from 1928 until his death, establishing its government on Taiwan after 1949