1881 年出生的人

American chemist and physicist awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his investigations in surface chemistry

Founding father and first president of the Republic of Turkey, who led significant reforms to establish a secular, industrializing nation

Hungarian composer, pianist, and ethnomusicologist who integrated folk music with avant-garde styles, becoming one of the 20th century's most important classical figures

German chemist and Nobel laureate who demonstrated the existence of macromolecules and characterized them as polymers, revolutionizing material science

French writer and playwright, winner of the 1937 Nobel Prize in Literature for his influential novel-cycle Les Thibault

Swiss physiologist who received the Nobel Prize in 1949 for his discoveries regarding the brain's control over internal organ activities

Italian politician and statesman, founder of the Christian Democratic Party, and Prime Minister of Italy for eight successive coalition governments from 1945 to 1953

Polish military and political leader who championed Polish independence and played a prominent role in the 1920 Battle of Warsaw

Hungarian-American mathematician, aerospace engineer, and physicist known for crucial advances in aerodynamics and the Kármán line, defining the threshold of outer space

French Jesuit priest, philosopher, and paleontologist who contributed to the discovery of Peking Man fossils and developed the noosphere concept, blending evolutionary theory with Christian mysticism

German organic chemist who won the 1930 Nobel Prize for his research on haemin and chlorophyll synthesis

Romanian composer, violinist, conductor, and educator, revered as one of the greatest musicians in Romanian history

American film director, producer, and actor known as a founding father of American cinema and for his commercially successful, epic-scale films

German Generalfeldmarschall of the Wehrmacht during World War II, known for his military leadership

Scottish biologist, pharmacologist, and Nobel laureate renowned for his discovery of penicillin, the world's first antibiotic

Austrian Social Democrat, politician, and philosopher known for co-founding Austromarxism and serving as Foreign Minister, advocating for a middle ground between social democracy and revolutionary socialism

Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, and theatre designer who co-founded the Cubist movement, invented constructed sculpture, and created iconic works like Guernica, profoundly reshaping modern art

American physicist who shared the 1937 Nobel Prize for discovering the diffraction of electrons by crystals

English author and humorist whose beloved creations like Jeeves and Bertie Wooster made him one of the most widely read comic writers of the 20th century

Austrian jurist and legal philosopher known for his pure theory of law and extensive writings on international law and democracy

German field marshal and Commander-in-Chief of the German Army during the first two years of World War II

Austrian writer, poet, historian, and biographer, Stefan Zweig was one of the most widely translated and popular authors in the world during the 1920s and 1930s

Head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City from 1958 to 1963, remembered for his five years of leadership as Pope John XXIII

Spanish poet and Nobel Prize laureate, celebrated for his lyrical poetry and his advocacy for the concept of "pure poetry"