Born and died in 1868

German theoretical physicist who pioneered developments in atomic and quantum physics and mentored a new generation of scientists

American politician known as 'Cactus Jack' who served as Vice President under Franklin D. Roosevelt and Speaker of the House

Japanese karateka, founder of Shotokan karate, and "father of modern karate" who introduced the art to mainland Japan

Canadian-American actress, comedian, and writer who found immense popularity in both silent and Depression-era films

French diplomat, poet, and playwright known for his verse dramas and devout Catholicism

King of Greece who ruled during two separate reigns (1913-17; 1920-22) following his father's assassination, facing political upheaval and eventual exile

German symbolist poet and translator known for leading the George-Kreis literary circle and founding Blätter für die Kunst

American astronomer whose discovery of Cepheid variable stars as 'standard candles' allowed humanity to measure the vast distances in the universe

Hungarian admiral and statesman who served as Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1920 to 1944 during the interwar period and most of World War II

Jewish-Austrian biologist, physician, and Nobel Prize laureate who discovered human blood groups

Visionary Scottish architect, designer, and artist whose work shaped Art Nouveau and the Modern Style

The last Ottoman caliph and a gifted painter, known for being the only caliph elected by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and head of the Osmanoğlu family until his death in Paris

Italian composer and conductor who revolutionized opera in the late Classical and early Romantic eras, celebrated for his 39 operas

King of Siam from 1851 to 1868, formally adopting the title "King of Siam" in diplomatic contexts

The 15th President of the United States, a lawyer, politician, and diplomat who served from 1857 to 1861

King of Bavaria who encouraged industrialization, initiated the Ludwig Canal, and oversaw the first German railway, later abdicating during the 1848 revolutions

French physicist and astronomer who invented the Foucault pendulum, measured the speed of light, discovered eddy currents, and named the gyroscope

Scottish astronomer, mathematician, physicist, and inventor known for his work in physical optics, including the discovery of Brewster's angle and the invention of the kaleidoscope