Ai đã sinh năm 1918

First President of South Africa and anti-apartheid activist who led the nation to multiracial democracy

Canadian physicist awarded the Nobel Prize for developing neutron scattering techniques and spectroscopy for condensed matter studies

British biochemist and double Nobel Prize winner renowned for his work on protein and nucleic acid sequencing

English radio astronomer and Nobel laureate who pioneered revolutionary radio telescope systems and the aperture synthesis technique, leading to the first Nobel Prize in physics for astronomical research

Italian lawyer and politician who served as the 9th President of Italy from 1992 to 1999 after decades in the Chamber of Deputies

French Marxist philosopher and university teacher, known for his reinterpretation of Marxist theory and concepts like ideological state apparatuses

Nobel laureate Japanese chemist who pioneered the frontier orbital theory for chemical reactions, explaining the roles of HOMO and LUMO

Egyptian president and military officer who initiated the 1973 October War and signed a peace treaty with Israel, earning the Nobel Peace Prize

German politician and statesperson who served as Chancellor of West Germany from 1974 to 1982, renowned for his pragmatic leadership and extensive writings

Austrian politician and diplomat who served as the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the President of Austria

Russian writer and dissident who exposed the Gulag prison system and won the 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature