German philosopher and central thinker of the Enlightenment whose systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, and aesthetics significantly influenced modern Western philosophy

English polymath and Unitarian minister known for his groundbreaking experiments with gases, particularly the discovery of oxygen, and his prolific writings in chemistry, theology, and political theory

German naturalist, physician, and university teacher known for his wide-ranging contributions to zoology, botany, chemistry, and his revision of Linnaeus's Systema Naturae