Born and died in 1876

Spanish cellist, conductor, and composer celebrated for his recordings of Bach's Cello Suites and his significant contributions to music education

Barrister, politician, and freedom fighter who founded Pakistan and served as its first governor-general

German chemist who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1928 for his research into the constitution of sterols and their connection with vitamins

American writer known for subjective and self-revealing novels and short stories, including the influential "Winesburg, Ohio"

Scottish Nobel prize-winning physician and physiologist, co-discoverer of insulin and devoted researcher in carbohydrate metabolism

German field marshal and decorated World War I officer who commanded Army Group C during the Battle of France and was later convicted of war crimes

Dutch exotic dancer and courtesan, Mata Hari captivated European audiences before being convicted and executed as a German spy during World War I

German Chancellor and jurist who navigated the nation through the occupation of the Ruhr and the onset of hyperinflation from 1922 to 1923

German Social Democratic politician who served as foreign minister and twice as chancellor during the Weimar Republic

German Grand Admiral and historian who led the Kriegsmarine during the first half of World War II and was convicted of war crimes

Austro-Hungarian otologist and Nobel Prize laureate known for his work on the vestibular apparatus, which garnered him the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Head of the Catholic Church from 1939 to 1958, navigating World War II, the Holocaust, and the beginning of the Cold War

Russian revolutionary anarchist and political philosopher, known for his foundational influence on anarchism and collectivist anarchist tendencies throughout Russia and Europe

American cavalry commander known for his rapid rise in the Civil War and his controversial death at Little Bighorn

Mexican general and politician who served as president of Mexico multiple times, defining much of 19th-century Mexican history

Prolific French novelist, memoirist, and journalist of the European Romantic era, known for her more than 70 novels and activism

The 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, who also pursued passions as an author and composer

Bulgarian poet and revolutionary who became a key figure in the Bulgarian revolutionary movement and is widely honoured in his home country