French classical scholar and egyptologist renowned for deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs and founding the field of Egyptology

French mathematician who solved the 350-year-old problem of polynomial solvability by radicals, foundational to Galois theory and group theory

French naturalist, zoologist, and paleontologist known as the 'founding father of paleontology' who established comparative anatomy

British philosopher, jurist, and social reformer who founded modern utilitarianism and advocated for human rights, animal rights, and suffrage

The son of Napoleon I and disputed Emperor of the French for two days in 1815

French physicist, engineer, and the father of thermodynamics, known for his foundational work on the maximum efficiency of heat engines

Scottish novelist, poet, and historian renowned for the Waverley novels and narrative poems that profoundly influenced European and American literature

French economist and businessman known for popularizing Say's law and for his pioneering studies on entrepreneurship