Born and died in 1805

French diplomat and entrepreneur known for developing the Suez Canal, which joined the Mediterranean and Red Seas in 1869

French political thinker, historian, and diplomat renowned for his analyses of democracy and social conditions in Western societies, particularly in <i>Democracy in America</i>

Italian nationalist activist, politician, journalist, and philosopher widely known as the "Prophet of Italian Nationalism" for his work in unifying Italy

German mathematician who pioneered analytic number theory, advanced Fourier series, and provided the modern definition of a function

Dutch French-language writer and composer known for her Enlightenment-era letters, novels, and keen interest in society and politics