John Ruskin18191900Victorian polymath who revolutionized art criticism and architectural theory while advancing social reform through influential writings on culture and society
Jacques Offenbach18191880German-born French composer, cellist, and impresario known for his influential operettas and the opera The Tales of Hoffmann
Gustave Courbet18191877French painter who led the Realism movement and influenced Impressionists and Cubists
Gottfried Keller18191890Swiss poet, writer, novelist, and chancery manager known for his literary realism in works like <i>Green Henry</i> and <i>Seldwyla Folks</i>
Léon Foucault18191868French physicist and astronomer who invented the Foucault pendulum, measured the speed of light, discovered eddy currents, and named the gyroscope