German philosopher and central thinker of the Enlightenment whose systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, and aesthetics significantly influenced modern Western philosophy

English chemist, theologian, and political theorist known for discovering oxygen, inventing carbonated water, and advocating for liberal ideas

American Founding Father, first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, and founder of America's first political party, the Federalist Party

German naturalist, physician, and university teacher known for his wide-ranging contributions to zoology, botany, chemistry, and his revision of Linnaeus's Systema Naturae