Netherlands

Czech-Austrian Marxist theorist, economist, philosopher, and journalist, widely known as the 'Pope of Marxism' for his authoritative promulgation of orthodox Marxism and his influence on the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the Second International.

French philosopher and writer, renowned for his Historical and Critical Dictionary, and a pivotal forerunner of the Encyclopédistes

Pioneering German-Dutch naturalist and illustrator who revealed the metamorphosis of insects and explored the biodiversity of Suriname

Italian physician and educator who developed the globally recognized Montessori Method of education and scientific pedagogy

Indian spiritual master, writer, philosopher, and spiritual teacher who founded Transcendental Meditation (TM) and led a worldwide organization dedicated to its practice

German sociologist, writer, and philosopher celebrated for his theory of civilizing and decivilizing processes and his insights into social figurations

German-Polish physicist, inventor, and instrument maker known for developing the mercury-in-glass thermometer and the Fahrenheit temperature scale

English poet, courtier, and diplomat who left a significant mark on Elizabethan literature and political life, remembered for 'Astrophel and Stella' and 'Defence of Poesie'

Dutch economist and university teacher who was awarded the first Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1969 and is considered a founding father of econometrics

Dutch statesman and revolt leader who initiated the Eighty Years' War and is known as the Father of the Fatherland

Croatian writer, artist, and academic known for her novels, essays, and translations, and for identifying as a Yugoslav writer while based in Amsterdam