1881 жылы туғандар

Founding father and first president of the Republic of Turkey, who led significant reforms to establish a secular, industrializing nation

Hungarian composer, pianist, and ethnomusicologist who integrated folk music with avant-garde styles, becoming one of the 20th century's most important classical figures

Italian politician and statesman, founder of the Christian Democratic Party, and Prime Minister of Italy for eight successive coalition governments from 1945 to 1953

French Jesuit priest, philosopher, and paleontologist who contributed to the discovery of Peking Man fossils and developed the noosphere concept, blending evolutionary theory with Christian mysticism

German chemist who won the 1930 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his synthesis of haemin and research into chlorophyll

Scottish biologist, pharmacologist, and Nobel laureate renowned for his discovery of penicillin, the world's first antibiotic

Austrian-American economist and philosopher known for his work in praxeology and as a steadfast defender of classical liberalism in the 20th century

Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, and theatre designer who co-founded the Cubist movement, invented constructed sculpture, and created iconic works like Guernica, profoundly reshaping modern art

Austrian writer, poet, historian, and biographer, Stefan Zweig was one of the most widely translated and popular authors in the world during the 1920s and 1930s

Spanish poet and Nobel Prize laureate, celebrated for his lyrical poetry and his advocacy for the concept of "pure poetry"