Born and died in 1873

English philosopher and university teacher who, alongside Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein, initiated analytic philosophy

Mexican revolutionary leader and 37th president who sparked the Mexican Revolution by advocating for democracy and opposing dictator Porfirio Díaz

French lawyer and sports executive who served as the longest-running president of FIFA and founded key association football institutions

Brazilian aviation pioneer, scientist, inventor, balloonist, and aircraft pilot who designed and flew the first powered airships and contributed to early heavier-than-air flight

French surgeon and biologist, Nobel laureate for vascular suturing, pioneer of organ transplantation and tissue culture

Jewish-German pharmacologist and neuroscientist who discovered chemical transmission of nerve impulses, sharing the 1936 Nobel Prize

French author, poet, and political activist known for his influential World War I novel, "Under Fire," which helped define the Lost Generation movement

Swedish biochemist and Nobel laureate known for his investigations on the fermentation of sugar and enzymes

Russian opera singer, actor, and author celebrated for his deep bass voice and pioneering naturalistic acting in opera

German lawyer, politician, and diplomat who served as Foreign Minister and Reich Protector, later convicted as a Nazi war criminal

French novelist, author, and woman of letters best known for her novella *Gigi* and extensive contributions to journalism, playwriting, and screenwriting

French poet, essayist, and editor who blended socialism and nationalism with his Catholic faith, tragically killed in World War I

Swiss-American naturalist and geologist recognized as a scholar of Earth's natural history, with significant work in ichthyology and glaciology

Scottish missionary, explorer, and anti-slavery crusader known for his extensive expeditions in Africa and advocacy for British expansion

German chemist, principal founder of organic chemistry, and father of the fertilizer industry who revolutionized laboratory teaching methods and developed beef extracts

British statesman, novelist, and poet known for his political service and prolific literary output across multiple genres

President of the Second French Republic, Emperor of the Second French Empire, and last monarch of France, known for rapid industrialization and infrastructure expansion