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English physicist and Nobel laureate who shared the 1937 Nobel Prize for discovering electron diffraction, demonstrating the wave nature of electrons

German writer known for his sociopolitical novels and fierce criticism of Nazism

English association football player and manager, widely considered one of the greatest of all time, who won the 1966 FIFA World Cup and the Ballon d'Or

Irish physicist and Nobel laureate who shared the 1951 Nobel Prize for achieving the first controlled nuclear transmutation by human means

Peruvian diplomat and politician who served as the fifth Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1982 to 1991 and later as Prime Minister of Peru from 2000 to 2001

English American author, journalist, and literary critic, known for his incisive intellect and contributions to New Atheism

King of Spain and Portugal known as the Planet King, a significant patron of the arts, and ruler during the Thirty Years' War

British socialist, theosophist, and women's rights activist who became the first female president of the Indian National Congress in 1917

Swiss-American physicist who won the 1952 Nobel Prize for developing nuclear magnetic resonance techniques that led to MRI technology

Italian Catholic prelate, diplomat, and politician who served as chief minister to Kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV, strengthening the French monarchy and leaving a significant legacy in French governance

English suffragist and political activist who organized the British suffragette movement, instrumental in helping women win the right to vote in Great Britain and Ireland in 1918

French marshal and military theorist who served as Supreme Allied Commander on the Western Front during the First World War in 1918

French painter who led the Realism movement and influenced Impressionists and Cubists

Shah of Iran from 1925 to 1941 and founder of the Pahlavi Dynasty, who rose from an army officer to become a prominent politician and monarch

Celebrated Greek-American film and theatre director, producer, screenwriter, and actor known for his influential work on Broadway and in Hollywood

King of France from 1498 to 1515, also known as Louis of Orléans, who briefly reigned as King of Naples

Austrian neurologist, psychiatrist, philosopher, and Holocaust survivor who founded logotherapy, a psychotherapy school emphasizing the search for life's meaning as a central human motivational force

Founder and central figure of the anti-establishment Dada movement, a Romanian-French avant-garde poet, essayist, and performance artist.

Romanian-French philosopher and essayist known for his pervasive philosophical pessimism and aphoristic style, exploring themes of suffering, decay, and nihilism

King of Saudi Arabia from 1964 to 1975, who also served as Crown Prince and Prime Minister, known for his leadership in national modernization

Hungarian-American theoretical physicist known as 'the father of the hydrogen bomb' and co-creator of the Teller–Ulam design

Hungarian biochemist, Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine (1937), credited with isolating vitamin C and discovering components of the citric acid cycle

Soviet, Russian, and American theoretical physicist who co-received the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics for theories on superconductors and superfluids

Soviet-Russian physicist and inventor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics