Born and died in 1874

Longest-serving Prime Minister of Canada, who led the nation for over 21 years through the Great Depression and World War II

British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister during World War II and won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his historical and biographical works and brilliant oratory

Canadian writer best known for creating the beloved Anne of Green Gables series and a wide array of other novels, essays, and poems

Portuguese neurosurgeon and politician, known for developing cerebral angiography and the leucotomy procedure, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1949

First President of Israel and British chemist instrumental in the Balfour Declaration and Israel's recognition

British composer best known for his orchestral suite The Planets, who significantly influenced 20th-century classical music by blending folk traditions with modern techniques

Austrian-Jewish American composer and theorist who revolutionized classical music through developing variation and the emancipation of the dissonance

American psychologist who pioneered the study of learning processes, laying the groundwork for educational psychology with his "law of effect"

German philosopher renowned for his contributions to phenomenology, ethics, and philosophical anthropology, who significantly developed Edmund Husserl's methods

The 31st president of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933, also known for his prior role as Secretary of Commerce and his diverse background as an engineer, author, and statesman

First President of Lithuania, influential intellectual, journalist, and nationalist ideologist

English author and Christian apologist known for his wit, paradoxical style, and defense of tradition, who was a dominant figure in early 20th-century literature

French historian, orator, and statesman who was a dominant figure in politics between the Revolution of 1830 and 1848, also known for his extensive writings

Swedish physicist and astronomer, recognized as a founder of spectroscopy and known for his work on the solar spectrum

13th President of the United States, instrumental in the Compromise of 1850, and the last Whig Party president

Belgian astronomer, mathematician, and statistician who founded the Brussels Observatory and introduced statistical methods to the social sciences

Visionary French historian who authored the monumental Histoire de France and popularized the historical concept of the Renaissance, emphasizing the role of common people and cyclical history

German liberal Protestant theologian known for his portrayal of the "historical Jesus" through myth, influencing Christian Europe with his writings and philosophical inquiries