Born and died in 1891

American novelist, artist, and essayist known for breaking literary forms with his semi-autobiographical and often controversial works like Tropic of Cancer

Jewish German poet and playwright who received the 1966 Nobel Prize in Literature for her lyrical and dramatic interpretations of Israel's destiny

German painter and printmaker noted for his starkly realistic portrayals of Weimar society and the brutality of war, a leading figure of Neue Sachlichkeit

Canadian medical scientist and doctor who co-discovered insulin and its therapeutic potential, earning him a Nobel Prize

English physicist who discovered the neutron in 1932, received the Nobel Prize, and led the British team on the Manhattan Project

Jewish-German Catholic nun, theologian, and philosopher, canonized as a saint and patron of Europe, murdered at Auschwitz

German admiral and politician who served as Supreme Commander of the Navy during World War II and briefly as head of state of Nazi Germany in 1945

American biochemist and Nobel laureate who shared the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the isolation, crystallization, and study of enzymes, proteins, and viruses

American composer and songwriter known for his witty, urbane lyrics and hit songs like "Night and Day" and "I've Got You Under My Skin"

Swedish writer and Nobel laureate known for his profound exploration of eternal human questions through poetry and prose

German philosopher and logician, major member of the Vienna Circle, and advocate of logical positivism who significantly influenced 20th-century analytic philosophy

Russian author, playwright, and satirist known for the posthumously published novel The Master and Margarita

Second and final Emperor of Brazil, known as 'the Magnanimous,' who reigned from 1831 to 1889, overseeing the longest and most stable period in Brazilian history

French poet known for his transgressive and surreal themes who influenced modern literature and prefigured surrealism, also a world traveler and arms trader

American writer and poet known for Moby-Dick and other works of the American Renaissance period

French statesman and lawyer who served as President of France from 1879 to 1887, considered the first real republican president

American lawyer and politician who served as the 15th Vice President of the United States under President Abraham Lincoln

First prime minister of Canada and dominant figure of Canadian Confederation, serving from 1867 to 1873 and 1878 to 1891

Russian occult writer, mystic, and co-founder of the Theosophical Society, known for her foundational works on Theosophy

American showman, businessman, and politician who co-founded the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus and was known for promoting celebrated hoaxes

French post-Impressionist painter who developed the revolutionary techniques of chromoluminarism and pointillism

American businessman, author, and United States Army general known for his Civil War command and military strategy

Pioneering 19th-century Russian mathematician, writer, and physicist who was the first woman to earn a doctorate in mathematics and a full professorship in Europe

German inventor and engineer who developed the compressed charge internal combustion engine, fundamental to modern engine technology