British philosopher, jurist, and social reformer who founded modern utilitarianism and advocated for human rights, animal rights, and suffrage

The son of Napoleon I and disputed Emperor of the French for two days in 1815

French physicist, engineer, and the father of thermodynamics, known for his foundational work on the maximum efficiency of heat engines

Scottish novelist, poet, and historian renowned for the Waverley novels and narrative poems that profoundly influenced European and American literature

French economist and businessman known for popularizing Say's law and for his pioneering studies on entrepreneurship