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Nobel Prize-winning German-Swiss poet, novelist, and painter whose works like "Siddhartha" and "Steppenwolf" explored themes of authenticity, self-knowledge, and spirituality

German poet, writer, and literary critic whose lyrical poetry inspired composers like Schumann and Schubert, and whose prose offered incisive social commentary

German philosopher, sociologist, and economist who co-authored The Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx and developed the political and philosophical system known as Marxism

265th pope of the Catholic Church, theologian, and religious writer known for leading the Church from 2005 until his resignation in 2013

German-born theoretical physicist best known for developing the theory of relativity and the mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2