Scottish Nobel prize-winning physician and physiologist, co-discoverer of insulin and devoted researcher in carbohydrate metabolism

British archaeologist, army officer, and diplomat famed as Lawrence of Arabia for his World War I role in the Arab Revolt

French artillery officer whose wrongful conviction for espionage sparked the historic Dreyfus affair, exposing antisemitism and judicial error in France

French author, poet, and political activist known for his influential World War I novel, "Under Fire," which helped define the Lost Generation movement

Portuguese poet, writer, and philosopher, celebrated for his innovative heteronymic system, including Alberto Caeiro, Ricardo Reis, and Álvaro de Campos

French chemist and Nobel laureate who discovered the Grignard reagent, revolutionizing the synthesis of organic compounds