Norwegian polar explorer, scientist, diplomat, and humanitarian who won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with refugees and prisoners of war

Swedish ophthalmologist and physician awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his foundational work on the dioptrics of the eye

British writer and physician best known for creating the iconic detective Sherlock Holmes and pioneering speculative fiction with The Lost World

German climatologist, geophysicist, and polar explorer whose wide-ranging research profoundly influenced Earth sciences

Slovene-Austrian Nobel laureate in Chemistry who developed the method of micro-analysis of organic substances