Born and died in 1769

Prussian geographer, naturalist, and explorer who co-founded modern geography and pioneered biogeography and geophysical measurement

French naturalist, zoologist, and paleontologist known as the 'founding father of paleontology' who established comparative anatomy

French military leader and statesman who served as Emperor of the French, implementing extensive reforms across Europe and leading campaigns during the Napoleonic Wars

British Field Marshal, politician, and diplomat who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo and served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

Russia's best-known fabulist, a prolific author, poet, playwright, and journalist who discovered his true genre of satirical fables at the age of 40