生平

American psychologist who popularized behaviorism and conducted influential research on animal behavior, child rearing, and advertising

American physicist who shared the 1937 Nobel Prize for discovering the diffraction of electrons by crystals

American nuclear physicist and Nobel laureate who invented the cyclotron and founded the Lawrence Berkeley and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories

English composer who significantly shaped British classical music by integrating folk and Tudor traditions, known for his nine symphonies and diverse compositions

English actor who won the Academy Award for Best Actor for Goodbye, Mr. Chips and starred in classic films including The 39 Steps and The Count of Monte Cristo

British actor known for his distinctive voice, starring in classic Hollywood films like *Lost Horizon* and winning an Academy Award for *A Double Life*

British lawyer, politician, and diplomat who was a key architect of the League of Nations and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate for his work in disarmament and peace

English philosopher and university teacher who, alongside Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein, initiated analytic philosophy

Indian politician, writer, scholar, and freedom fighter who served as India's first Minister of Education and shaped its foundational education system

German writer, playwright, journalist, and literary critic known for his historical novels and influence on figures like Bertolt Brecht

German chemist and Nobel laureate known for discovering and developing the diene synthesis

Hungarian politician, diplomat, and economist who led the 1956 Revolution against Soviet-backed rule and was later executed

French chemist and physicist who won the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering induced radioactivity

French writer and playwright, winner of the 1937 Nobel Prize in Literature for his influential novel-cycle Les Thibault

Spanish poet and Nobel Prize laureate, celebrated for his lyrical poetry and his advocacy for the concept of "pure poetry"

Austrian–Swiss theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate who discovered the Exclusion Principle, fundamentally advancing quantum mechanics and the understanding of matter's structure.

British chemist and X-ray crystallographer whose essential work helped reveal the molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal, and graphite

Head of the Catholic Church from 1939 to 1958, navigating World War II, the Holocaust, and the beginning of the Cold War