生平

American short story writer known for his witty narration, naturalist observations, and surprise endings

American philosopher and psychologist, often called the "father of American psychology" and a leading thinker of the late 19th century

American writer and humorist known for his sharp wit, social commentary, and classic novels like *The Adventures of Tom Sawyer* and *Adventures of Huckleberry Finn*

British astronomer and astrophysicist who pioneered astronomical spectroscopy with his wife, Margaret, expanding our understanding of the universe

Polish novelist, essayist, and translator who was a leading writer of the Positivism movement and a Nobel Prize in Literature nominee in 1905, known for works like Nad Niemnem and Meir Ezofowicz

Fifth King of Siam, known for modernizing the nation and securing its independence amidst colonial pressures

The first woman to earn a medical degree in the United States, an American physician, abolitionist, and women's rights activist

Russian composer, pianist, and conductor who championed musical nationalism and influenced many Russian musicians, blending folk music with classical practices

English painter and co-founder of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, known for his detailed, symbolic, and vivid artworks

Russian author, philosopher, and pacifist regarded as one of history's most influential writers

French photographer, balloonist, caricaturist, and journalist who took the first aerial photographs and whose portraits are held in major national collections

French post-Impressionist painter known for his distinctive Naïve or Primitive style, often depicting exotic jungle scenes

French author, poet, and diarist, member of the Académie Goncourt, best known for 'Poil de carotte' and 'Les Histoires Naturelles', celebrated for his wit and observational prose

Swiss businessman and humanitarian who co-founded the Red Cross and initiated the Geneva Conventions, receiving the first Nobel Peace Prize

Norwegian writer, poet, and politician who won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Literature and authored Norway's national anthem lyrics