生平

American contralto whose historic 1939 Lincoln Memorial concert and 1955 Metropolitan Opera debut paved the way for Black artists

American medical researcher and Nobel Laureate, often called "The Father of Modern Vaccines," who cultured poliovirus and developed the measles vaccine

American actor celebrated for his versatility and ability to embody a vast range of characters across film and Broadway, earning multiple Academy Awards and Tony Awards

American playwright and novelist who won three Pulitzer Prizes for works like Our Town and The Bridge of San Luis Rey, and a U.S. National Book Award

American aviation pioneer, author, journalist, pilot, and women's rights activist who became one of the most celebrated figures of early flight

American writer known for his novels and short stories set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, and winner of the 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature

Vietnamese Buddhist monk who self-immolated in 1963 to protest religious persecution, drawing worldwide attention to the plight of Buddhists under the Ngô Đình Diệm government

German sociologist, writer, and philosopher celebrated for his theory of civilizing and decivilizing processes and his insights into social figurations

Austrian Chancellor who resisted the Anschluss with Nazi Germany, a lawyer, politician, and professor who authored several scholarly works

German chemist and mathematician known for the Wittig reaction, which earned him the 1979 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for its importance in organic synthesis

British chemist awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1967 for his studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing equilibrium with short pulses of energy

Polish stage and film actress and singer known for her tragedienne and femme fatale roles in the silent and golden eras of Hollywood

Norwegian physical chemist and Nobel Laureate who advanced the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry

English physical chemist and Nobel laureate recognized for his groundbreaking researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions and expertise in chemical kinetics

South Korean journalist and politician who served as the second President of South Korea from 1960 to 1962, presiding over the short-lived Second Republic

Third President of India, former Vice President, and esteemed Indian educationist

Polish-Swiss chemist and Nobel laureate, recognized for his isolation of cortisone, which revolutionized medical treatments

Austrian-American psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, sex educator, and sociologist known for his radical theories and influential works like <em>The Mass Psychology of Fascism</em>

Finnish middle and long distance runner who set 22 world records and won nine Olympic gold medals

French intellectual and literary figure known for his philosophical and literary explorations of eroticism, mysticism, surrealism, and transgression

British physicist and Nobel laureate known for proving nuclear transmutation and developing operational research during World War II

14th Prime Minister of Canada, distinguished diplomat, scholar, and author of influential works on international relations

British physicist who shared the 1951 Nobel Prize for splitting the atomic nucleus, a foundational step for nuclear power and atomic weapons

French poet, novelist, editor, and leading voice of the surrealist movement, known for his political engagement and French Resistance efforts