生平

American philosopher, diplomat, and educator who led Columbia University for over four decades and won the Nobel Peace Prize

French novelist and politician who explored themes of self and nation, popularizing the term 'nationalisme'

American short story writer known for his witty narration, naturalist observations, and surprise endings

Hungarian-British archaeologist, anthropologist, and explorer, primarily known for extensive archaeological discoveries and studies of ancient routes in Central Asia

Australian politician who served as the 7th Prime Minister from 1915 to 1923, leading during WWI, and was the longest-serving parliamentarian in Australia's history

American writer, designer, poet, and novelist, known for portraying Gilded Age society and winning the first Pulitzer Prize for Fiction awarded to a woman

German physician, writer, and chess theoretician, considered one of the strongest players and most influential theoreticians of the late 19th and early 20th century

Swedish ophthalmologist and physician awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his foundational work on the dioptrics of the eye

French statesman and Nobel Peace Prize laureate known for his eleven terms as Prime Minister and his dedication to international reconciliation during the interwar period

Austrian writer and dramatist known for his psychological dramas and narratives dissecting turn-of-the-century Viennese bourgeois life, a significant figure in Viennese Modernism

Hungarian-German physicist who won the 1905 Nobel Prize for his groundbreaking work on cathode rays and the photoelectric effect

British scientist who shared a Nobel Prize with his son for X-ray crystallography and developed wartime hydrophone technology

French classical composer, pianist, and music critic who was among the most influential composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, pioneering an evocative style often associated with Impressionism

Belgian playwright and Nobel Prize winner known for Symbolist dramas exploring death and the meaning of life