Born and died in 1825

Second and final Emperor of Brazil, known as 'the Magnanimous,' who reigned from 1831 to 1889, overseeing the longest and most stable period in Brazilian history

French academic painter known for realistic genre paintings, mythological themes, and modern interpretations of classical subjects, whose work enjoyed immense popularity then fell out of favor, only to be rediscovered in the late 20th century

Swiss mathematician and physicist known for formulating the Balmer series, which describes the visible spectral lines of the hydrogen atom

German jurist and socialist who founded the General German Workers' Association (ADAV) and initiated Germany's social democratic movement

Preeminent French Neoclassical painter and politician known for monumental history paintings like 'The Death of Socrates' and shifting artistic taste towards classical austerity

French early socialist theorist who developed influential ideas about industrial society and scientific social organization