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Russian mathematician and physicist who developed the Friedmann equations, originating the theory of an expanding universe

German mathematician, educator, and historian known for his Erlangen Program, which unified geometries by their symmetry groups, and for his work in complex analysis and non-Euclidean geometry

Austrian astronomer and military officer renowned for visually discovering 122 asteroids, a record for non-photographic methods

French statesman, judge, politician, and diplomat who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1920 for his prominent role in the establishment of the League of Nations and his longstanding contributions to peace and justice

French astronomer, prolific author of popular science and early science fiction, and founder of L'Astronomie magazine

Swedish Prime Minister who led the Social Democratic Party, advocated for universal suffrage and workers' rights, and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1921

Swedish Prime Minister who led the Social Democratic Party, advocated for universal suffrage and workers' rights, and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1921

German politician who served as the first president of Germany from 1919 until his death in 1925, establishing democratic governance in a new republic

French composer and pianist known for his influential solo piano works like Gymnopédies and Gnossiennes, contributing to classical and modern classical genres

Austrian philosopher, esotericist, and social reformer who founded anthroposophy and contributed as a writer, teacher, and architect

German philosopher, logician, and mathematician known as the father of analytic philosophy and a profound philosopher of mathematics