Born and died in 1852

American experimental physicist renowned for his measurements of the speed of light and the Michelson-Morley experiment, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science

French experimental physicist who discovered spontaneous radioactivity and won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics

Emperor of Japan who presided over the Meiji Restoration, transforming Japan from a feudal state into a major imperial power

German chemist and 1902 Nobel Prize winner who discovered Fischer esterification, developed the Fischer projection, and proposed the lock and key mechanism of enzyme action

French chemist and Nobel laureate known for isolating fluorine, discovering moissanite, and developing the electric arc furnace

British politician and barrister who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916, leading the last Liberal Party majority government

French writer, playwright and critic who was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature five times, known for psychological novels like "Cosmopolis" and "Cruelle énigme"

Catalan architect and designer, known as the greatest exponent of Catalan Modernisme and creator of the iconic Sagrada Família church

Spanish neuroscientist, pathologist, and histologist who pioneered modern neuroscience and won the Nobel Prize for his work on the nervous system's structure

French general and military personnel renowned for his leadership as Commander-in-Chief of French forces on the Western Front in World War I, notably at the First Battle of the Marne

German politician and lawyer who served as Chancellor of Germany and president of the Reichstag and Weimar National Assembly

British Field Marshal, politician, and diplomat who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo and served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

Finnish chemist, physicist, and mineralogist known for discovering yttrium and founding Finnish chemistry research

French inventor, organist, and educator who, blinded at a young age, developed the enduring system of braille for reading and writing