Born and died in 1840

French painter and founder of Impressionism, known for his pioneering exploration of light and nature in art

French sculptor and artist, considered the founder of modern sculpture, known for iconic works such as The Thinker and The Gates of Hell

English novelist and poet who captured rural Victorian life and criticized social changes affecting countryside communities

French novelist, playwright, and poet known for "Tartarin de Tarascon" and "Sappho", whose works spanned novels, plays, poetry, and short stories

French Symbolist artist known for his evocative drawings, prints, and paintings that explored the imaginative and subconscious world

French novelist, journalist, and photographer who pioneered literary naturalism and championed justice in the Dreyfus Affair with his famous letter "J'Accuse...!"

Founder of the Austrian School of economics and a significant contributor to the marginal theory of value

Emir of Afghanistan who united the country and negotiated the Durand Line agreement

Italian violinist and composer, recognized as the most celebrated violin virtuoso of his time and a pillar of modern violin technique

German Romantic landscape painter known for his symbolic and emotional depictions of nature, often featuring contemplative human figures against dramatic backdrops

French mathematician, mechanician, and physicist who advanced statistics, analytical mechanics, and predicted the Arago spot